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Relief of the Philippines
210cav
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Posted: Friday, September 27, 2002 - 08:12 AM UTC
I want to pose a follow-on to the discussion on the Doolittle Raid. If you get a second, check out the figures that Jeff lays out on relative naval strength. Some interesting information. Using his super research as a backdrop, what would you have done once the Japanese invaded the Philippines? I know what they did, what would you do?
thanks
Keep them cards and letters coming, great group of contributors.
DJ
clovis899
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Posted: Friday, September 27, 2002 - 09:17 AM UTC
DJ,

Good question. I'll turn it around and ask what would you do?

I am scratching my head trying to find some alternative to reality that makes any sense compared to the risk it would bring and I am stuck. Short of towing them all to a point 500 miles west of Hawaii I don't know. Any attempt at reinforcement beyond a token force would have been incredibly risky and more likely suicidal. Any raid in force to relieve pressure probably would have failed. Maybe the only answer is a somewhat different strategy in the operational campaign, not falling back to Corrigedor but fortifying Manila. That may have proven more costly to the Japanese but would not have changed the eventual outcome.

Everyone else had their plates already filled at that point. No chance of intervention by the British or Dutch, the French were already out of the picture. Hold on tight and keep your head down seems to be the best advice. The US Navy was still a formidable force, (my numbers are a bit different but essentially the same as Jeff's on opposing forces strength) and could have rapidly transferred more BB's into the Pacific but that would have depleted Atlantic Fleet strength and flown in the face of stated policy of Germany first.

Anyone else feel free to take a shot at this.

Rick Cooper
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Posted: Friday, September 27, 2002 - 10:45 AM UTC
For starters the US did reinforce the assets already in the Philipines, two National Guard tank battalions and numerous artillery and anti-aircraft units were shipped to the Philipines in early 1941. Another convoy had to turn around after the Pearl Harbor attack. Aircraft to include more modern fighters and bombers (including B-17s) made it before the war was started. The Philipine Army was greatly expanded, as was the Philipine Division of the US Army. There were several problems in 1941: The US had to maintain anti-sub patrols in Carribean ann along East Coast, and man outposts for the US in Alaska, Hawaii, Panama, Carribean, Bermuda, Newfoundland, Iceland and Greenland. Coastal artillery, anti-aircraft arty, and Air Corps assets were also prioritized for homeland defense. BUT AN EVEN BIGGER PROBLEM WAS SHIPPING SPACE. There were not enough cargo hulls to move all the troops and equipment to the outposts, including the Philipines.

If the US moved the entire Atlantic Fleet to the Pacific they would have had a substantial force: 8-10 battleships & 7 carriers plus a lot of crusiers and destroyers. US carriers generally carried more planes than Japanese carriers, however many of the US carriers still carried obsolete aircraft. The numbers for a naval fight would have been fairly even, however teh Japanese had home field advantage as far as distances traveled and for support of land based aircraft (remember Prince of Wales & Repulse were sunk by land based aircraft).

Now it would take probably a month to move the Atlantic Fleet to the West Coast, and another week to Hawaii. (Just swags as I have no idea on transit times) Bataan held out till April 42.

One thing to remember though is that the Japanese were not standing still during all this. They had captured Guam, Wake, and parts of the Gilberts, Marshalls and other Pacific Atolls. They were moving thru Malaysia towards Singapore and also getting ready to invade Netherlands East Indies and New Guinea. The US fleet would have to run a gaunlet of land based aircraft to get to the Philipines and the Japanese would be waiting.

The ABDA (American, British, Dutch & Australian) fleet was being hunted down and destroyed as it attempted to defend first the Philipines then the Dutch East Indies. There were no appreciable naval forces in western Pacific other than US subs and only some Australian and American aircraft. The naval bases at Cavite and Subic Bay had been destroyed by retreating US forces, and all other allied facilities in the area were in Japanese hands.

I am not trying for overkill, but I believe it would have been the Naval equivalent of the Charge of the Light Brigade. Like the Light Brigade which over ran the Russian batteries, the US Fleet may have reached the Philipines, but then what? How would they remain supplied, and what would have been left?

I do not see the relief of the Philipines as a realistic option after the loses suffered at Pearl. Don't forgot that most of the Pacific Air Corps was also destroyed at Pearl.

Jeff

Ranger74
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Posted: Friday, September 27, 2002 - 10:53 AM UTC
I forgot: the Japanese would not have had airfields on captured Islands, except for Guam and possibly Rabual (I forgot at what point they captured it), but they had been building airfields and fortifications on many of their possesions they got from Germany at the end of WW1. This was one reason they were able to spread so quickly.

DJ - You can come up with some good ones
BlueBear
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Posted: Friday, September 27, 2002 - 03:40 PM UTC
Everyone so far is looking at the transfer of Atlantic Fleet units as if they had to make their way on a one-way road through the Panama Canal and across the Pacific all by themselves. Given the facts about hull capacity, manpower and material shortages and the need for forward operation bases, how about sending the fleet on an eastern routing. Sail South with everything and everyone that we can get together in Norfolk for Capetown, South Africa. Refuel there and mate up with British troop transports and any Royal Navy units that can be assigned; continue around the Horn to Mambasa and then across the IO to Ceylon.
Pick-up more transports, supplies, Indian troops, fuel, and any other formations the Brits and Commonwealth could make available along with the British Indian Ocean task force. Shoot the Straits of Mulucca and then make for Manilla via Jakarta and Singapore.
There's still the problem about land-based air superiority, but even second rate carrier borne fighters---Fulmars, Wildcats, and Brewster Buffalos--- could have taken out the unescorted Japanese torpedo planes that located and sunk the Repulse and Prince of Wales, so long as the Japanese carriers with their Zero's weren't in the neighborhood.
If we could get a couple battleship divisions into range of the Japanese beachheads, things could have turned out different. No battleships or battlecruisers were included in the close escorts. 14", 15", and16" guns could have taken out the transports and pounded the landing zones along with the cruiser and destroyer escorts before they could close into range to fill the water with shoals of their long-lance torpedoes.
With reinforcements and a fleet to put an end to the Japanese having things their own way, the allies could get themselves in position and shape to fight on their own terms, on ground of their own choosing.
210cav
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Posted: Friday, September 27, 2002 - 09:15 PM UTC
Well, we have Blue and Jeff putting forth some very cogent arguments for supplying and not supplying the force in the Philippines. This same debate raged within the War and Navy Department. In fact, Eisenhower's first staff action in the War Department was to analyze and present to Genral Marshall a plan for the Philippines. He did. His conclusions--the Philippines would be lost, we did not have the wherewithal to influence it, supplies currently enroute to the Islands were to be diverted to Australia. And that's what they did. Rick asks what would I do had I been there. Well, I would have gone for it. We wrote off people and a tremendous asset to the Japanese. However, a wiser mind would have no doubt have tempered my emotionalism by pointing out as Jeff does the almost impossible gauntlet to be run getting there let alone re supplying the force. Enacting my emotional response may well have caused a setback of monumental proportions to take place.....I always double check with the First Sergeant before doing anything. Brave men sacrificed more than we will ever know because we left out on a limb. We should have done much more as war clouds gathered.
DJ
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Posted: Friday, September 27, 2002 - 09:26 PM UTC
DJ - You made a good point: Good NCOs are indispensible!! [Just noticed, I have been a major forever. Man this is too much like the Army]

Jeff
210cav
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Posted: Friday, September 27, 2002 - 10:19 PM UTC

Quoted Text

DJ - You made a good point: Good NCOs are indispensible!! [Just noticed, I have been a major forever. Man this is too much like the Army]

Jeff



Jefff--Patience, all things come with time. I can recall when I was an 0-4 and never thought....you get the picture. Regarding the Philippines, however, my mule head would probably have said "damn the torpedoes...."
DJ
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Posted: Saturday, September 28, 2002 - 06:15 AM UTC

Quoted Text

I always double check with the First Sergeant before doing anything



My O-6 and I get along great because he does exactly what you did DJ. He doesn't always do what I tell him he ought to...but he has not yet been surprised.

On to the PI. Good arguments posted so far. I'm not sure I would have put all my Naval eggs in the relief of the Phillipines basket with the threat (real or not) of an invasion on either the east or west coast. There were a lot of things happening at this time. U-boats right off the east coast of the US sinking merchants. Our allies the Australians open to invasion. And as Jeff pointed out, we didn't have the shipping available to land or resupply enough troops to do any good. Much as I hate to say it, I would have made the same decision to write off the Phillipines.
Cob
210cav
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Posted: Saturday, September 28, 2002 - 09:04 PM UTC

Quoted Text


Quoted Text

I always double check with the First Sergeant before doing anything



My O-6 and I get along great because he does exactly what you did DJ. He doesn't always do what I tell him he ought to...but he has not yet been surprised.

On to the PI. Good arguments posted so far. I'm not sure I would have put all my Naval eggs in the relief of the Phillipines basket with the threat (real or not) of an invasion on either the east or west coast. There were a lot of things happening at this time. U-boats right off the east coast of the US sinking merchants. Our allies the Australians open to invasion. And as Jeff pointed out, we didn't have the shipping available to land or resupply enough troops to do any good. Much as I hate to say it, I would have made the same decision to write off the Phillipines.
Cob



COB--Everytime I see photos of Americans marching the Bataan Death March or read of our abandonement of Wake Island, I am struck by the terrible price people paid because their government did not do enough to protect them. I see startling parallels with several actions of today. We have folks literally sitting on the end of a limb (Bosnia, Korea, the Gulf) can we protect them if things happen simultaneously or concurrently? What if you go into the Gulf and get drawn into a protracted guerrilla war? I am of the opinion that an invasion of Iraq is not going to be the cake walk everyone assumes it to be. Yes, we'll beat them in a symmetrical engagement, but the long term political and social upheavel may have us there indefinitely. And folks, just don't like foreign soldiers occupying their country. So relief of the Philippines is not a futile drill in historical recollections, it should be a guide for how not to do things.
DJ
Cob
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Posted: Sunday, September 29, 2002 - 07:46 AM UTC

Quoted Text

COB--Everytime I see photos of Americans marching the Bataan Death March or read of our abandonement of Wake Island, I am struck by the terrible price people paid because their government did not do enough to protect them. I see startling parallels with several actions of today. We have folks literally sitting on the end of a limb (Bosnia, Korea, the Gulf) can we protect them if things happen simultaneously or concurrently? What if you go into the Gulf and get drawn into a protracted guerrilla war? I am of the opinion that an invasion of Iraq is not going to be the cake walk everyone assumes it to be. Yes, we'll beat them in a symmetrical engagement, but the long term political and social upheavel may have us there indefinitely. And folks, just don't like foreign soldiers occupying their country. So relief of the Philippines is not a futile drill in historical recollections, it should be a guide for how not to do things.
DJ



No argument from me there DJ. I can't go back and change history...and the fact is we weren't ready for WWII because we didn't think it could/would happen again. There was a huge isolationist movement in the US. We allowed our military to atrophy, our defence programs to wither and therefore when the shootong started good people were forced to made decisions that cost others their lives. And you are absolutely correct in your predictions regarding Iraq. It shouldn't be too hard to win the war, but if we don't think this through thoroughly we stand a very good chance of losing the peace!

Cob
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Posted: Sunday, September 29, 2002 - 08:10 AM UTC
DJ I think Politics are always going to put the military into harms way. That is a fact that all of us who've served at somepoint realizes thought not always understood.The Navy hasd very few options except for subs and their problems are enumerated in other threads. My biggest problem was and is the tactics used by officers. I've read to many action reports and stories of defences on roads while numericaly iferior forces marched around and take them in the rear.I don't know whats taught at the military academies but but it seems the training wa lacking. I also understand my knowledge of tactics is 50 years ahead of that period. but it wasn't to long before the US forces were hunting down guerrilaas in the jungle opposed to US colonialism in the Philipines. I just don't understand the lack of imagination of army commanders on the ground from Big MAc onn down. WE Knew war was coming HAlsey on his way to Wake was told to consider any jap vessels hostile. I'm to young to have known WW2 MAybe someone who served can better answer the lack of immagintion question of US and allied forces. Even if we didn't want war and were unprepared materialisticly, what we did have should have been beter used.

Josh WEingarten
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210cav
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Posted: Sunday, September 29, 2002 - 07:55 PM UTC

Quoted Text

DJ I think Politics are always going to put the military into harms way. That is a fact that all of us who've served at somepoint realizes thought not always understood.The Navy hasd very few options except for subs and their problems are enumerated in other threads. My biggest problem was and is the tactics used by officers. I've read to many action reports and stories of defences on roads while numericaly iferior forces marched around and take them in the rear.I don't know whats taught at the military academies but but it seems the training wa lacking. I also understand my knowledge of tactics is 50 years ahead of that period. but it wasn't to long before the US forces were hunting down guerrilaas in the jungle opposed to US colonialism in the Philipines. I just don't understand the lack of imagination of army commanders on the ground from Big MAc onn down. WE Knew war was coming HAlsey on his way to Wake was told to consider any jap vessels hostile. I'm to young to have known WW2 MAybe someone who served can better answer the lack of immagintion question of US and allied forces. Even if we didn't want war and were unprepared materialisticly, what we did have should have been beter used.

Josh WEingarten
aKA shiryon



Josh--if you read Clausewitz's book "On War" you'll get an appreciation for the role politics plays in employing the military. I use "politics" not in the sense of poitical partisanship, but rather the guiding knowledge for using diplomacy, economics, and military power to attain national goals. Now, in the case of pre-WW II Philippines we had plans that said (1) we could defend the Islands, (2) plans that said we could not defend the Islands, and (3) plans that said both. These were known as the Rainbow Plans and War Plan Orange contained these obvious contradictions. As some one pointed out, we fortified the Philippines with a tank battalion, the vast bulk of available B-17 bombers, and a fairly good number of troops prior to the Japanese invasion. The material assets were only as good as the tactical abilities of the commanders and unfortunately we did not have that degree of talents or focused training demanded in the Philippines. People trained without purpose. Food stocks and ammunition depots were positioned where if the Japanese invaded there would be little chance that they could be evacuated or protected. We lost our airpower without hours of the Pearl Harbor attack and thus ceded air supremacy to the Japanese with little or no resistance. There are tremendous failures at the strategic, operational, and tactical level during the campaign. If the Army in the Philippines concerned itself with defending the Islands and not with living the good life, they would have fared much better. For that, I fault only MacArthur.
DJ